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The term that describes a significant, persistent decline in cognitive functioning is dementia. Dementia is characterized by a gradual loss of memory, thinking skills, and the ability to perform everyday activities. It is important to recognize that dementia is not a specific disease but rather a syndrome that encompasses various conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia, which all lead to cognitive decline that affects social and occupational functioning.

Dementia manifests as a progressive deterioration in cognitive abilities and can severely impact a person's ability to carry out daily tasks and interact with others. Unlike delirium, which is an acute, often reversible condition related to other medical issues or substance use, dementia is chronic and typically worsens over time. Additionally, while depression can result in cognitive impairment, it primarily affects mood rather than indicative of a persistent decline in cognitive functioning itself. Confusion, while it can be a symptom of dementia or other issues, does not encompass the broader and more persistent nature of cognitive decline that characterizes dementia.